Environmental, genetic and maternal components of immunocompetence of nestling pied flycatchers from a cross-fostering study

Genetic, environmental and maternal effects can all affect the phenotypic expression of a trait.Through cross-fostering experiments in nesting birds, variation due to genetic and environmentaleffects can be partitioned and identified as being due to nest of origin and nest ofrearing in a two-factor nested analysis of variance

Juan Jose Soler, Evolutionary Ecology Research, 2003, 5: 259-272