Chick punishmenat ndc hicka doptionin NorthernLapwing

In Northern Lapwings Vanellus vanellus female-female aggression is common in polygynous ma-tings (Liker & Szekely 1997, G. B. Gr0nst0limpubi.), and leads to discrete female territorieswithin the territories of polygynous males (J. E. Hafs-mo unpubl.). Female territories are maintainedthroughout the chick-rearing period

Byrkjedal, I. et al., Ornis Fenn. 77(2): 89-92